Marginal Analysis and how it is used in the world of economics Essay

Marginal Analysis and how it is used in the world of economics - Essay Example Perhaps, it is the most important concept in the analysis of economic activities. The marginal analysis theory states that individual should make a decision based on the incremental gains and losses that emerge from that decision. In a simplistic term, the marginal analysis balances the additional costs and benefits, derived out from taking a decision. Be it a student deciding whether to revise the chapters once more, or a producer whether to expand or stop production, optimal choice requires that costs and rewards should be equilibrated on the margin. Till the time additional benefit exceeds additional cost, the individual or the firm has to continue taking action so as to ensure that all excess benefits are accrued and vice versa. (Washington State University, N.D.). Marginal analysis is the study of the costs and benefits of the next unit of a good or a factor of production. The aim of the individual or a firm is to maximize net benefits (NB), which is equal to total benefits (TB) less total costs (TC). (i.e., NB=TB-TC). In order to obtain the marginal change, we can change the control variable, say, quantity of goods purchased, amount of goods actually produced, quantity of an input used, etc. Marginal analysis focuses upon whether the control variable should be increased/decreased by one more units or not. The two concepts through which the marginal analysis is done are marginal costs and marginal benefits. Marginal costs are the addition to total costs if one additional unit of the control variable is added. On the other hand, marginal benefits are the addition to the total benefits if the control variable increases by one additional unit. When the marginal benefit rise above marginal costs, the net benefits rise with every unit increase in the control variable. Therefore, more marginal units of the control variable should be added till the marginal costs and marginal benefits are equalized. On the other hand,

Why Do We Travel Essay Example for Free

Why Do We Travel Essay I think the reason why we travel is to see experience other countries, new cultures, modern and old cities and historic towns. It’s always exciting to discover and explore new things such as, different ways of life, to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different musicals. I also think that we travel because we want to escape from our daily routine and to find something more peaceful such as going to a beach, diving or taking a trip into the jungle. One of the best things about traveling is that you’re able to experience a feeling that’s not familiar with any other feelings. It is when you discover something new and you feel that you could stay here for the rest of your life. We travel to open our hearts and eyes and learn and experience more about the world. Many people are interested in photography and they visit other countries to take photos of landscapes such as the ocean, mountains, the sun rising, waterfalls and corals and much more. I think the reason why we take photos is that, photos help us remembering our lost memories or if we’re having a stressful day, the photos can help us find quietness in ourselves. The reason that makes traveling such a special thing is that you learn new things all the time. We get fascinated by the native language and culture. I think we want to experience the same feeling we get as when we watch a movie from an exotic place. We want that unforgettable journey that we will never forget. Just like in the movie â€Å"The Beach†. A group of young people goes to a special beach where everything is beautiful and peaceful. And you won’t get stressed and you won’t get disturbed by loud music like you do in overcrowded tourists. In the movie it has great consequences for the last newcomers that there can only be a certain number of people on the Island. I think it is sad when nature is destroyed by tourists but I would find another way to limit the numbers of tourists. Last summer, I was on a vacation to Italy with my family. It was definitely an exciting and an experiencing vacation but I also got inspired by their culture and their way of living. It wasn’t the unforgettable trip but it was a special trip because it was an important moment of my life and I could share it with my family.

Promoting Tanzanias Tourism in the UK

Promoting Tanzanias Tourism in the UK How Tanzania Governments can promote tourism to UK? The means that will enable Tanzania to promote and market tourism to UK tourists, and how tourism opportunities can be exploited to attract more UK visitors. Table of contents (Jump to) Introduction Literature Review   Chapter 1: Tanzania and Tourism Chapter 2: The Sustainable Debate Chapter 3: Tourism and Governments Chapter 4: Tourism and Marketing Methodology 1. Research Philosophy 1.1 How do we know what is valid? 2. Research Approach 3. Research Strategies 3.1 Case Study 4. Time Horizons 5. Data Collections Methods 5.1 Sampling 5.2 Market Research Questionnaire 5.3 Questionnaire Design 6. Data Analysis 7. Research Ethics 8. Politics of Access Findings Interpretation of Findings Conclusion References Bibliography Appendix   Appendix II Appendix III Introduction Tanzania is situated just south of the equator in East Africa. The mainland lies between the areas of the great lakes: Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi, with the Indian Ocean on its coastline to the east (Africa Guide Online 1). Tanzania has frontiers with the following countries; to the North; Kenya and Uganda, to the West: Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo, to the South: Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, to the East: Indian Ocean (Tanzanian Government Online1). The country is also the home to the Kilimanjaro which is with its 19,340ft, the highest mountain in Africa (Africa Guide Online 1). Dodoma is the political capital with a population of 300,000, while Dar es Salaam is the countries commercial capital (Tanzanian Government Online 1). Tanzania has three main climatic areas; the coastal area and immediate hinterland, with tropical conditions and an average of 26.6 °C (80 °) and which is high in humidity; the central plateau, which is hot and dry and the third region is the semi-temperate highland areas, with a healthy and cool climate (Africa Guide Online 2). The hot periods are between November and February and the coldest areas between May and August (Tanzanian Government Online 1). In regards to when the best season for tourists to visit is, writers seem not to have found a consensus; some suggest the standard tourist season is January and February, as the hot dry weather at this time of the year is generally considered to be the most pleasant (Lonely Planet Online). While others argue that the best times to travel is between July through to March for the Northern and Southern parts of Tanzania as well as Zanzibar. And for the Western area the months from May through to March are most suitable for tourist ac tivities (Tanzania Online). Tanzania belongs to the poorest countries in the world. In 2005 the country has a population of 36,766,356 and a population growth rate of 1.83% (2005 est.), while 36% (in 2002 est.) of the population is below poverty line (CIA Online). However, there are various numbers in regards to this subject, and some of them even claim that it is 50% of the population which lives below the poverty line (Tanzanian Government Online 1). And although the numbers are still shocking, there seems to have been some improvement in terms of the poverty in Tanzania in the past 20 or so years. Since in 1988, according to IFDA, there were nearly 12 million rural Tanzanians, or 60 per cent of the rural population, living below the poverty line (IFDA, 1992, Cooksey, cited in Bierman and Moshi, 1997:77). The population in the mainland consist of 99% native Africans (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes). And the other 1% consists of Asians, Europeans and Arabs. However, in Zanzibar the mix of populations differs, there are much more Arabs, some native African, and then mixes between the two (CIA Online). This again is mirrored in the religion represented, in the mainland its 30% Christians, 35% Muslims and 35% indigenous beliefs, where as in Zanzibar it’s more than 99% Muslim (CIA Online). The official language is Kiswahili or Swahili (called Kiunguja in Zanzibar). English is the official primary language of commerce, administration and higher education. But Arabic is naturally widely spoken in Zanzibar, and on top there are various further local languages all over Tanzania, naturally with more than 130 different tribes (CIA Online). The GDP composition by sector looks as followed: agriculture: 43.2%, industry: 17.2%, services: 39.6% (2004 est.). The economy heavily depends on agriculture (coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum, cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep and goats), accounting for almost half of GDP (85% of exports, employing 80% of work force). The official aid flow in 2000 was 1,044.6million USD, which was 11.6% share of GDP in the year 2000. (Ellis and Freeman, 2005) Tanzania seems stable under the Mkapa president leadership, however, political paralysis and deep rifts between minorities seem to have manifested themselves and are unlikely to disappear within the near future. Also is the support of the opposition (against Mkapa) growing, leading in 2001 to massive rallies and sometimes even violence. The economy received massive boosts in 2001 with the opening of the Bulyanuhu gold mine and in 2004 with the opening of the Songosongo natural gas field. Tanzania was also one of the countries affected by the recent December 2004 Tsunami. However, thankfully the government had enough time to react to the warnings, and thus evacuate most of the area, leaving â€Å"only† 13 killed (Lonely Planet Online). Please see Appendix I on page 3233 for a brief outline of the earlier history of Tanzania. The following dissertation will begin by looking at the current status and issues in Tanzania’s tourism industry. The second chapter will look at the very timely issue of sustainability in tourism and in regards to Tanzania and the also the UK consumers attitude towards it. The third chapter will examine the role of governments in the tourism process. In the fourth chapter the marketing tools for a tourism destination will be analysed. This is then followed by the methodology, which will explain the methods and methodology used for this dissertation. Then the findings are presented, and interpreted. Finally a conclusion will bring to a close the dissertation. Furthermore, naturally, there are the references, bibliography and some appendices. The dissertation will by no means be exhaustive, due to the time, word, monetary and access restraints. It is merely designed to give some ideas towards a possible way of a better promotion of Tanzania in regards to the UK market. Literature Review Literature Review Chapter 1: Tanzania and Tourism   Before looking at what the means for promoting tourism are, firstly an analysis of the current state of tourism and its problems in Tanzania is necessary. Wangwe et al. (1998:67) write on tourism possibilities: â€Å"Tanzania is blessed with many attractions for tourism including wildlife, Mount Kilimanjaro, and beautiful beaches. There are also many cultural and historical attractions as well, such as traditional ngomas, and Zanzibar and other coastal towns whose sights show the interaction of East Africa with many ancient civilizations including the Romans, the Indians and the Middle East†. Tourism in Tanzania is a fairly new development. In fact â€Å"for nearly three decades after Tanzania’s independence, tourism kept a very low profile. However, the National Tourism Policy, which was put in place in 1991, and the government policy of trade and economic liberalization have had a positive impact on the acceleration of tourism development†. And â€Å"As of 1994, the National Park system had expanded to eleven, namely, Serengeti, Ruaha, Ngorongoro, Mikumi, Tarangire, Katavi, Kilimanjaro, Rubondo, Manyara, Arusha and Gombe Stream†. Also â€Å" In 1994 about 262,000 tourists visited Tanzania† (Wangwe et al. 1998:67)†. In fact, tourism is Tanzania’s fastest growing sector, however still counting for less than 10% of GDP (Author Unknown, Nov.2002). And tourism is also Tanzania’s second largest foreign exchange earner (Author Unknown, 01/02/1998). Pollock (cited in Fennell, 2003) writes that tourism has started to be an important part in the economy of Tanzania. However, the importance of game conservations has been recognized nationally as well as internationally, standing in direct contrast to tourism development. And also although tourism may help to fund conservation and development, the reliance on it can be problematic due to the fickle nature of the market (Smith and Duffy, 2003). However, the tourism industries mission statement which forms the basis of the tourism planning policy is to: â€Å".develop quality tourism that is ecologically friendly to the conservation and restoration of the environment and its people’s culture† (Author Unknown, Tanzania Government Online 2). Nevertheless, National Parks are already often overcrowded, and this is developing into a serious problem (Hein, 1997). The Sopa Lodges in Tanzania are fully booked throughout the summer, and Agent Nina Wennersten of Woodcliff Lake says that Tanzania’s tourism has doubled in each of the last two years (Ruggia, 2004). Also the Africa Safari Co’s chief executive Susie Potter said that the year 2005 was shaping up to be a great year for them (Travel trade, 17/11/2004). Smulian (2005) writes that â€Å"agents should advise visitors hoping to see the stunning wildlife of Tanzania’s national parks to book early this year, after the countries best-ever season saw overbooking at lodges last summer†. All in all it seems that Tanzanians tourism market is booming. The UK is in fact the largest tourism market for Tanzania, says director of the Tanzania Tourist Board, Peter Mwenguo. He also notes in 2004 that the tourism industry in Tanzania is booming now (Ruggia, 200 4). And although environmental efforts seem to be taken seriously, such as the Serena Hotel Chain in Tanzania, which operates to environmental standards that are among the world’s best (Middleton and Hawkins, 1998). Nevertheless, the country is lacking in adequate infrastructure and there seems to be no multi-sectoral approach, nor has the development of tourism been very coordinated (Wangwe et al. 1998:68). This then leaves the government with various difficulties in developing a sustainable tourism policy, and writers such as Schmale (1993) give examples of Tanzania in regards to the socio-political and economical environment and the challenges local organizations face. For example there is the problem of the socio-cultural impact on the Maasai people whose traditional territory includes the National Parks. â€Å"Employment for the Maasai living around these parks was limited to posing for photographs and selling craft souvenirs (Bachman, 1988, cite in Hall and Lew 1998:63)†. Tanzania targets high-spending tourists and the steep rise in tourist numbers have increased the pressure on services (Author Unknown, Nov.2002). The country is thus opening up opportunities along the Indian Ocean shoreline (Author Unknown, Nov.2002) namely the CC Africa lodges on less-visited parts of Tanzania (Dunford, 2004). However, Vesely (2000) comments that there are also plenty of possibilities for not so wealthy visitors to go to Tanzania, and that there are well developed camp-sites, tented camps and motel style facilities. However, in the past eight years, there also has been some negative news on Tanzania. Just recently there were two British students shot in a violent ambush on the Island of Pemba in Tanzania (Dennis, 2004). The Foreign and the Commonwealth Office immediately updated the travel advice, since last month there was already a fatal shooting of a British tourist and a fatal shooting of a British businessman in Tanzania. And tour operators do believe that this will hit tourist numbers in a negative way (Dennis, 2004). Unfortunately, these incidents have not been the first once, and there have been events already in earlier years. In 1998, US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed by terrorists, naturally resulting in heavy cancellations from US tourists at the time (Berger, 1998). Furthermore were there some political violence incidents in Zanzibar in 2001, which spoiled the reputation of Tanzania as a stable and progressive democracy (Vesely, 2001). One could expect and argue that al l of these incidents had negative impacts on the tourism in Tanzania, and thus a special part in Chapter 4: Tourism and Marketing will be allocated toward the marketing of a destination in crisis. Chapter 2: The Sustainable Debate The above chapter has outlined that Tanzania’s tourism industry is performing very well, and that indeed the UK tourists are their prime market. In fact, there were even overbooking last year, due to such high demand. Consequently, there are new resorts opening up and it is questionable to whether one should further exploit the tourism opportunities, in the light of sustainable development and tourism. Although modern mass tourism only appeared post war 1950’s (Weaver and Oppermann, 2000 and Winpenny, 1991), the results that uncontrolled exploitation of tourism opportunities has shown is catastrophic, as can be seen on examples such as the Spanish coast (Richards and Hall, 2000). Thus unsurprisingly, sustainability is arguably the new fad word in the tourism industry, since many destinations now face environmental, socio-cultural and even economical damages caused by the chaotic growth of (mass) tourism. In fact; â€Å"There are examples from almost every country in the world, where tourism development has been identified as being the main cause of environmental degradation† (Lickorish and Jenkins, 1999:85). Therefore, the practice of sustainable development is of crucial importance. The definition offered at the Globe ’90 Conference in Vancouver for sustainable tourism and development was as followed; â€Å"Sustainable tourism development is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that we can fulfil economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems† (Tourism Stream Action Committee 1990, Ledbury cited in Hein, 1997:30). Tourism’s impacts can be divided into three elements; economical, environmental and socio-cultural (Coltman, 1989). Thus, those are the three headings that not only the sustainable debate, but also other outcomes should be measured at. Therefore, according to sustainable tourism, three points have to be achieved through tourism development: Increasing economic value of tourism An improvement in the life quality of people Protection and responsible use of natural resources (Keyser, 2002) And also consumers are responding to this new sustainability â€Å"trend. In fact, mainstream consumer preferences are being influenced by this movement for responsible forms of tourism (Goodwin cited in Jenkins et al. 2002). And Butcher (2003) notes on an important shift to a growth in ethical consumption. Thus, sustainability also indirectly influences the economic impact, in terms of consumer choices for sustainability. Especially our target market, the UK, seems to show an interest in criticism of tourism development and â€Å"bad tourism and tourists† (Allen and Brennan, 2005). Therefore, sustainability development and tourism should be practiced by the Tanzania government and tourism industry. Not only because it will help to ensure that the environment will not get too spoiled and thus leave good prospects for future tourism business, but also because it might arguably be seen as favourable by the UK target market. Chapter 3: Tourism and the Government The involvement of governments in the process of tourism promotion arguably varies in levels depending on the country. And thus the question arises whether and when governments should be involved, not only in the marketing, but in the business of tourism. Jeffries (2001) argues that due to the cooperation and coordination required, due to the complexity of the industry and its products, debatably only the government has the authority and apparatus to organize such successfully. Furthermore does he outline that â€Å"in very poor developing countries (such as Tanzania) governments are encouraged by aid programmes to use tourism not only as a tool to combat poverty but as a means for encouraging and financing biodiversity and nature conservation, a matter of considerable interest in donor communities† (Jeffries, 2001:106). Therefore, it could be suggested that the governments involvement seems of crucial importance to the success of Tanzania’s tourism future, but also to the country in itself in terms of sustainability on the economic, environmental and socio-cultural aspect. In fact, the Tanzanian government seems to have recognized such, and is highly concerned with improving the infrastructure quality and diversity, ease of destination entry formalities, revision of applicable taxes and maintenance of peace, stability and security, regulation of foreign exchange regulations and controls (Tanzania Government Online 2). Chapter 4: Tourism and Marketing â€Å". marketing is a strategic process that aims to fit the resources of a destination to the opportunities existing in the market† (Godfrey and Clarke, 2000:125). Following the thought of this quote, one could postulate that marketing is finding a way to identify the market which will be interested in the resources available. Before the promotion of the destination starts, a marketing plan should be established. The marketing process which results in a marketing plan should focus on answering four questions: Where are we now? [situation analysis; PEST and Porter’s 5forces and SWOT]; Where do we want to be? [marketing objectives]; How do we get there? [strategies and tactics]; How do we know if we’ve got there? [monitoring; before-and-after research, marketing productivity ratios, evaluation and control]. (Godfrey and Clarke, 2000) This should then lead to 2 different marketing plans, a 3-5 year strategic marketing plan, setting the outlines for the activities and the directions for the annual plans. And the annual or the tactical marketing plan which should have detailed actions and methods for monitoring achievement (Godfrey and Clarke, 2000). Then it is important to look at the consumer behaviour. The consumer buying process can be broken down into five steps: Problem Recognition, Information Search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Purchase, Post-Purchase Evaluation or behaviour (Dibb et al., 2001 and Kotler et al. 1993:47). It is debatably of crucial importance to understand the behaviour of the consumers, as especially during the information search and the evaluation of alternatives stages they are faced with so many possible tourism destinations. Pike (2004) argues that consumers nowadays have more product choices but less decision making time than ever before. Therefore underlining that the means in which the consumer comes in contact with the marketing effort of Tanzania, arguably needs to be memorable and favourable. Pike (2004) further outlines this by arguing that the size of a consumer’s decision set of destinations will be limited to approximately four, and destinations not included in that set, are much less likely to be chosen. Next the market segment for Tanzania needs to be identified. â€Å"A market segment can be defined as ‘a subgroup of the total consumer market whose members share common characteristics relevant to the purchase or use of the product’† (Holloway, 2004: 116). There are different types of segmentation; geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioural segmentation (Kotler et al. 1999). Due to the given constraints, it is impossible to undertake serious market segmentation in this dissertation. After the segmentation has been decided upon, the destination needs positioning. The successful implementation needs to follow these seven steps. Identify the target market in travel context Identify the competitive set of destinations in the target market and travel context. Identify the motivation/benefits sought by previous visitors and non-visitors. Identify perception of the strengths and weaknesses of each of the competitive set of destinations. Identify opportunities for differentiated positioning. Select and implement the position. Monitor the performance of the positioning strategy over time. (Pike, 2004:117) The positioning elements consist of the destination name, a symbol and a slogan (Pike, 2004). The name, in a case for a tourist destination is naturally already given, However, the Tanzanian government should think of a creative symbol that will stay in people’s mind. Also (according to Pike, 2004) does Tanzania not have a slogan yet, therefore a catchy slogan such as â€Å"I New York† should be developed. All of those efforts will help in creating a brand image. A brand is more than a symbol; it’s a promise to the consumer, and thus represents more than a logo (Pike, 2004). And since holidays are a high-risk purchase, due to the fact that the tourist can neither directly observe what is being bought nor try it out (Goodall and Ashworth, 1988), it seems of vital importance that a strong brand image is developed. And brand loyalty can be easily measured by repeat and referral customers (Pike, 2004). There are three marketing strategies that lead to commercial success; low cost leadership, differentiation (high added value) and focus (specialization to uniqueness) (Holloway, 2004). From the above analysis it could be argued that Tanzania does not rely on low cost leadership, but rather on a differentiation strategy. In fact; â€Å"Differentiation is the path chosen by most brand leaders in any industry† (Holloway, 2004:270). The next step should be to communicate information and messages to the public, which can be done through four different ways; advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and publicity (Holloway, 2004). The advertising can take numerous forms and can vary from persuasive to reminder advertising, variations from high to low budget, from a mood or image to a fantasy or a lifestyle message, from newspaper to television, direct mail to radio and magazines to the timing of the media (and many more) (Kotler et al., 1999). The success can be measured in the communication effect through copy testing. The pre-testing through the direct rating should naturally be done prior to the release of the advertising. And for post-testing an advertisement, recall tests or recognition tests can be used (ibid.). The sales effect should be measured, which however proves a rather difficult task. Although there often is a relationship between promotional spend on sales, the exact correlation is almost impossible to establish, due to so many other influences (Holloway, 2004). The RETOSA (Regional Tourism Organization of Southern Africa) marketing research and promotions manager Francis Mfune says that they need to target the trade, especially wholesalers if they want to promote their tourist destinations well (Ruggia, 2004, II). Therefore, it could be advised that the government tries and establish good relations with wholesalers in the UK. The public relation is another promotional tool for the government of Tanzania. However, arguably not always are the public relations controllable. As can be demonstrated on the case were some tourism officials of Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia blaming the negative media publicity which portrays Africa as a terrorist continent, for the business loss in their tourism industries (Verde, 2003). The PR activities vary from press relations to product publicity, corporate communication, lobbying and counselling (Kotler et al. 1999). The Tanzanian government could use PR promotion in the form of publications, special events, news, and speeches (ibid.) And as for promoting Tanzania under the current problems with crime and terrorism, there are some steps to marketing of a destination in crisis: Step 1: Identify the event/problem as either a crisis or a hazard Step 2: Establish a crisis management team (Media and PR, relations with the travel industry in source markets, destination response coordination with the local tourism industry, liaison with local and regional tourism authorities and foreign governments, governments advisories and travel insurance and alliances with tour operators, airlines and hospitality industry representatives servicing the destination in source markets) Step 3: Promoting the destination during and after a crisis Step 4: Monitoring recovery and analysing the crisis experience (Beirman, 2003). Methodology In the methodology, it will be outlined how the research was conducted, which designs and methods were used as well as how the data was collected and an explanation of why the particular methods were used. The research process onion (please see Appendix II on page 34) developed by Saunders et al. (2003; 83) was used as guidance and hopefully helps elucidate research method and methodology used to the reader. 1. Research philosophy The research philosophy is represented by two different corners of thought; the realist (objectivist) and the relativist (subjectivist) (Saunders et al., 2003). Realist: positivistic, a stance of a natural scientist, believes in quantitative data and external realities. Relativist: interpretivism, believes in qualitative research and the social construction of reality (Saunders et al., 2003). It places a rather difficult task to identify which philosophy the research was based on, as there are parts of both corners apparent. However, the realist corner arguably was more present. To further examine the different philosophies, it would be advisable to look at realism and relativism in the view of ontology and epistemology. Ontology is described as the â€Å"assumptions we make about the nature of reality† (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002: 31), while epistemology is the â€Å"general set of assumptions about the best ways of inquiring into the nature of the world† (Easterby-Smith et al. 2002: 31). 1.1 How do we know what is valid During the first part of the dissertation, the research was focused on secondary research, including some quantitative data. The disparity between some of the research makes it difficult to depict a clear picture. The realist perspective sees validity in whether the research procedures can supply an accurate illustration of reality (Easterby-Smith, 2002). Arguably this proves almost impossible in the country of Tanzania, due to the differences between Tribes, as well as due to the lack of formally conducted research, and the disparity of locations and conditions of living standards of people. However, for the secondary research conducted about the theories of tourism, sustainability and marketing, a reliable picture should have been depicted on the various theories and concepts. All the secondary data was gathered from books, academic journals, online databases such as Ebscohost.com, newspaper articles and online resources. As for the primary research, only a small sample of research was conducted, making the reliability of this preposterous. However, the primary research was mainly used to tests some of the marketing theories, to elucidate which efforts would be worth further considering. The reliability of the research is arguably more positive, as it is unlikely that the respondents would have given different answers to a different person. The generalizability of the research is limited however, although it might give insights into countries with a similar tourism package, the research was made solely with Tanzania in mind. 2. Research Approach There are two different research approaches, one is theory testing, namely the deductive approach, and one is theory building, namely the inductive approach (Saunders et al., 2003). Again, it is most difficult to apply one approach only to the research. In the first part, the theory is outlined, and in the primary research, it is tested. However, by no means can it be claimed that this dissertation has build a theory, and thus it is arguably more of a deductive research approach. 3. Research Strategies â€Å"By a research strategy, we simply mean a general orientation to the conduct of business research† (Bryman and Bell, 2003:25). Bryman and Bell however focused the research strategy on the distinction between researches being conducted through quantitative or qualitative data. Whereas Saunders et al. (2003) see the research strategy more as a general plan of how one goes about answering the research question. 3.1 Case Study Daymon and Holloway (2002) describe the case study research as a rigorous examination which uses multiple sources of evidence of a single entity, which is fixed by time and place. It is best used when investigations into the how and why are done. Saunders et al. (2003) see case studies as investigations into a timely topic, using numerous sources of evidence and collection methods including; questionnaires, observations, interviews and documentary analysis. In the first part of the dissertation, the focus was on giving a clearer picture of the product to be marketed. Because arguably, if one does not know what it is that has to be marketed, one can not identify the means required to market the destination successfully. Therefore, firstly the country Tanzania was introduced, then the state of tourism in Tanzania, followed by a brief outline of the timely issue of sustainability in tourism. Furthermore there is the chapter about tourism and the government. Then the marketing means we

Boston Teaparty :: essays research papers

Boston Teaparty In 1773, Britain's East India Company was sitting on large stocks of tea that it could not sell in England. It was on the verge of bankruptcy. In an effort to save it, the government passed the Tea Act of 1773, which gave the company the right to export its merchandise directly to the colonies without paying any of the regular taxes that were imposed on the colonial merchants, who had traditionally served as the middlemen in such transactions. With these privileges, the company could undersell American merchants and monopolize the colonial tea trade. The act proved inflammatory for several reasons. First, it angered influential colonial merchants, who feared being replaced and bankrupted by a powerful monopoly. The East India Company's decision to grant franchises to certain American merchants for the sale of their tea created further resentments among those excluded from this lucrative trade. More important, however, the Tea Act revived American passions about the issue of taxation without representation. The law provided no new tax on tea. Lord North assumed that most colonists would welcome the new law because it would reduce the price of tea to consumers by removing the middlemen. But the colonists responded by boycotting tea. Unlike earlier protests, this boycott mobilized large segments of the population. It also helped link the colonies together in a common experience of mass popular protest. Particularly important to the movement were the activities of colonial women, who were one of the principal consumers of tea and now became the leaders of the effort to the boycott. Various colonies made plans to prevent the East India Company from landing its cargoes in colonial ports. In ports other than Boston, agents of the company were "persuaded" to resign, and new shipments of tea were either returned to England or warehoused. In Boston, the agents refused to resign and, with the support of the royal governor, preparations were made to land incoming cargoes regardless of opposition. After failing to turn back the three ships in the harbor, local patriots led by Samuel Adams staged a spectacular drama. On the evening of December 16, 1773, three companies of fifty men each, masquerading as Mohawk Indians, passed through a tremendous crowd of spectators, went aboard the three ships, broke open the tea chests, and heaved them into the harbor.As the electrifying news of the Boston "tea party" spread, other seaports followed the example and staged similar acts of resistance of their own.

Describing the Social and Cultural Dimensions in My Organization Essay

Social and cultural theories strive to explain how people relate to each other and/or the surrounding environment. Organizational culture represents a common perception held by the organization’s member. This was made explicit when we defined culture as a system of shared meaning. Therefore, those individuals with different backgrounds or at different levels in the organization will tend to describe the organization’s culture in similar terms. Most large organizations have a dominant culture and numerous sets of subcultures. A dominant culture expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization’s members. When we talk about an organization’s culture, we are referring to its dominant culture. It is this macro view of culture that gives an organization its distinct personality. Subcultures tend to develop in large organizations to reflect common problems, situations, or experiences that members face. These subcultures are likely to be defined by department designations and geographical separation. The purchasing department, for example, can have a subculture that is uniquely shared by members of that department. It will include the core values of the dominant culture plus additional values unique to members of the purchasing department. Similarly, an office or unit of the organization that is physically separated from the organization’s main operations may take on a different personality. Again, the core values are essentially retained but modified to reflect the separated unit’s distinct situation. If organizations had no dominant culture and were composed only of numerous subcultures, the value of organizational culture as an independent variable would be significantly lessened because there would be no uniformity in the interpretation of the values that represented appropriate and inappropriate behavior. It is the â€Å"shared meaning† aspect of culture that makes it such a potent device for guiding and shaping values in the cultural behavior. But it is not to be ignored that the reality which many organizations contained also has subcultures that can influence the behavior of their members. The field of sociology focuses on cultures that are ethnically or geographically defined. However, the study of any culture is referred to as â€Å"a group of people who work (or play) together and journey towards a shared meaning and assumption†(Griswold, p.133). Griswold (1994) also shared that â€Å"culture† is one of those words that people use all the time but have trouble defining. Peterson (1979) states that when sociologists talk about culture, they usually mean one of four things: norms, values, beliefs, or expressive symbols. Norms are the way people behave in a given society; values are what people hold dear; beliefs are how people think the universe operates and expressive symbols are representations of the culture. Moreover, Lincoln and Kalleberg (1990) hold that â€Å"the quality of relationships between workers and their co-workers is positively associated with commitment and satisfaction.† If the people within a school do not connect and work together toward a common goal or passion, the culture is said to be stagnant or unproductive. Lincoln and Kalleberg provide three models of organizations. The consensus model holds shared goals and values within an organization that are the norm and dissidence is a problem requiring correction. The cleavage model has distinct groups within an organization that have different interests, especially fault lines that exist between job levels. The fragmentation model shows that are riddled with ambiguity where people hold multiple perspectives. It is plausible that most working environment can fall under all three models or have factions of each model within one department. I am now attached with SMK (P) Methodist, Pulau Pinang as an operational clerk. My services here include the basic operation of the school administration and also involved accounting for the staff and stock inventories in the school. I am under the Ministry of Education and the Jabatan Pelajaran Pulau Pinang. My school consists of 42 academic staff, 8 non-academic staff and 640 students. We have a unique ethnic diversity whereby most of the teachers are Chinese, four Indians and ten Malays. The students are also diversified into the three main ethnicity in Malaysia with minimal number of mixed ethnic students. My Principal is a Chinese lady. Her name is Wong Soon Kee. She is a very fierce and strict head of department. I do not have a very close rapport with her. She does not have very much concern for the teachers as well. It has been a very stressful environment for me and most of the staff here. But, the teachers have been very helpful and understanding to me. They are very friendly and accommodative towards me. At the office, there is a typist and a general worker to assist with my work here. This really helps ease my work and release my pressure of working here. My works is about service conformation of the teachers and support workers, prepare salary and pension worksheets and do the necessaries if there is any changes. My work also involved accounting such as preparing the accounts, paying bills, and bookkeeping. Every month, I have to settle the bill and make orders for items needed by the school. Any bills that I received will have to be settled in 2 weeks time which is a very short dateline for me. However, it is the ethics of the Jabatan Pelajaran Pulau Pinang. We have to abide by the rules set by the upper hands. If I have any meeting by the JPN, I will meet up with my friends from other schools. During this time, we will exchange our experiences about work and how to handle certain situations that arise. It is very useful and helped me a lot to improve my performance to do better than before. Every year, auditors from Jabatan Audit Sekolah will come to school to do auditing on the school accounts. They will take a week to check the accounts and identify whether all the transactions are according to the rules or not. Nevertheless, there will never be a session where they had never found any errors. If we had done a lot of errors, our school will be categorized under â€Å"Audit Bersyarat† and the JPN will send us for a course on how to improve our accounting skills to upgrade our performance. With the teachers’ high spirit and determination to guide the students, the PMR (Penilaian Menengah Rendah/Lower Secondary Assessment) and the SPM (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia/Malaysian Certificate of Education) results are very encouraging. Most of the students show fortitude and willpower be it in their academic or co-curricular activities. All these achievements had helped them to be successful and quite a number of them had furthered their studies abroad. As a conclusion, a social and cultural dimension in an organization is important. It is because, it portrays the relationship between employees in completing their daily tasks and ensuring that the tasks are done well with high quality. Culture Beginnings and the Impact of Founders as Leaders spring from three sources: 1. beliefs, values, and assumptions of founders

Conductimetric Titration and Gravimetric Determination of a Precipitate Essay

Abstract: This experiment demonstrated that by titrating barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 solution with a sulfuric acid, .1 M H2SO4 solution the point of equivalence can be obtained. Since they were ionic compounds, then the lowest conductivity reading was the point of equivalence because at that reading they were both at a non-ionic state since all their ions have been completely reacted. A first when the H2SO4 was added the conductivity was high, 17.8 umho, then as more H2SO4 was added it went to its lowest, 5.3 umho. The subsequent adding of more H2SO4 caused the conductivity to go again to a new peak, 10.3 umho, this was followed by another decrease in conductivity to 8.9 umho, from then on, as more H2SO4 was added the conductivity increased continuously until the end of the experiment. The tabulated resulted graph and the graph displayed on the pH sensor were quite different, wherein by tabulation the lowest was 5.3 umho, while the pH sensor graph had its lowest way below 5.3 umho. The refore, there was an error; it could be that the solution was not properly mixed during titration. There was only enough time for one trial. From calculation, the molarity of the Ba(OH)2 between 0.45-0.54 molarity when the conductivity was between 8.9 umho and 9.3 umho respectively. The molarity of the Ba(OH)2 should be the same as the H2SO4 which was .1 M. Introduction: The experiment was to demonstrate how to find the concentration of Ba(OH)2 needed to react with .1 M H2SO4; thus conductimetric titration was used. The theory is that during titration as the solutions react the ions in both solutions cause the conductance of electricity. When the reaction stops, meaning that all the ions have been removed from the reactants then the conduction would be at the lowest point. That is the point of equivalence wherein the ratios of both solutions are the same. In this case both would be 0.1 molar. From then on, any more addition of the .1 M H2SO4 would cause an increase of conductance because of the added ions. Result: There was only enough time for one trial. The graph below shows the theoretical result which was different from the displayed result. Sample calculation: 4 x 106 /8.9 = .45 x 106 M Ba(OH)2. Materials: Labpro or CBL 2 interface Conductivity probe Ring stand 250mL beaker Magnetic stirrer Stinning bar Filter paper- fine drade Filter funnel 10 mL pipet Pipet bulb and pump Ba(OH)2 solution .1 M H2SO4 distilled water 50mL buret Buret clamp 50 mL graduated cylinder Utility clamp Discussion: Earlier in the experiment as the 0.1 M H2SO4 was being added the displayed graph showed a faulty result because the ionization data was collected too early before all the ions had been removed, thus there was a misleading result that the point of equivalent was reached. Later as more of the acid was added the true point of equivalence was found, which was 8.9 umho. If there was enough time then the experiment could be redone; in a more timely fashion. Could it be that the experiment was prearranged to give a faulty result just for a learning experience? Conclusion: Conductivty titration is another method that can be used to find the concentration of an unknown solution, albeit that the experimenter must be patient so that the ionization results can be had at the equimolar concentration of both solutions. The error was evident because the acid was 0.1 M H2SO4, thus according to the readings, with 1 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 and at 5.3 umho, that should have been the point of equivalence, meaning that at 1 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 both substances would be equimolar, but that was not the case. Equimolarity was achieved at 4 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 with the conductivity is 8.9 umho as displayed on the pH sensor graph.

Competition in Energy Drinks Case Essay Example

Competition in Energy Drinks Case Essay Example Competition in Energy Drinks Case Essay Competition in Energy Drinks Case Essay Essay Topic: Competition Within the drink industry companies like Pepsi and Coca Cola were utilizing alternate drinks as a manner to counter the effects of the diminution of ingestion of carbonated drinks. This in bend will assist them prolong volume. These two big companies were working difficult to spread out their alternate market line by presenting athleticss drinks. energy drinks. and vitamin drinks. One of the largest issues at manus is the force per unit area to halt bring forthing these harmful drinks. people felt that they had a negative impact on your organic structure and believed their schemes promoted foolhardy behaviour. Even though this was go oning they had to maintain forcing through to be really successful. Gross saless began to increase every bit good as market portion which introduced several new trade names to the alternate drink industry. In the alternate drink industry competition is fierce. Some of the major factors that play a function are merchandise invention. distinction ; make trade name trueness based on gustatory sensation. the drinks image. advertisement. and sponsorships. Many of these companies like Hansen and Red bull sponsored events to advance their trade name. The strongest of the 5 competitory forces within the industry is that of permutation. Pepsi and Coca Cola made their merchandises available to clients with easiness forcing other companies out of concern. The weakest of the 5 forces is purchaser dickering power. Buyers do non hold much control over the monetary values at which these drinks are being sold. If they were looking for an energy drink they would hold to pay the high monetary values. Buyers are get downing to go more trade name loyal so they will purchase at high monetary values more frequently. Companies like Coca Cola and Pepsi seem to do the industry less attractive for new entrants. Reason is because they both are good established with good trade name acknowledgment. Consumers will most likely ever choose the trade name they are familiar than new unfamiliar trade names. The market for energy drinks is worsening. gross revenues are down. and the market has matured. Over the following 5 old ages drivers of alteration will non decelerate down companies like Coca Cola. Pepsi. or Red Bull. Alternatively of looking to vie on monetary value. volume. or market portion additions it looks like they will look into merchandise inventions to increase gross revenues. At this point clip drivers of alteration will most likely maintain the alternate drink unattractive for smaller companies. Pepsi and Coca Cola are able to counter the downswing the economic system because of the wide scope of merchandises they have. Red Bull on the other manus has merely a few merchandises and gross revenues are enduring. A few recommendations for the larger companies are as follows. Coca Cola does really good in the carbonated drink industry but is manner behind in the alternate drink industry. They can make some research on states where they want to sell their merchandise and see what consumer really want. By making this they could make a merchandise that will appeal to local consumer gustatory sensations. Pepsi Co. has done truly good in the alternate drink industry but has introduced a new line of energy drinks ( Charge. Rebuild. Defend. and Bloodshot ) that I have neer heard of. It would be in their best involvement to make an ad run to consumers. Red Bull on the other manus merely needs to spread out their merchandise line. They are concentrating chiefly on their original spirit still and that may be a ground why gross revenues are diminishing.

Italian Capitalization Rules

Italian Capitalization Rules In Italian, an initial capital letter (maiuscolo) is required in two instances: At the beginning of a phrase or immediately after a period, question mark, or exclamation markWith proper nouns Other than these cases, the use of uppercase letters in Italian depends on factors such as stylistic choices or publishing tradition. There is also the maiuscola reverenziale (reverential capital), which is still used frequently with pronouns and possessive adjectives that refer to Dio (God), people or things considered sacred, or people of high regard (pregare Dio e avere fiducia in Lui; mi rivolgo alla Sua attenzione, signor Presidente). In general, though, in contemporary usage, there is a tendency to avoid capitalization that is considered unnecessary. Capitalization at the Beginning of a Phrase To illustrate the occurrences where capital letters are used at the beginning of a phrase here are some examples: Titles in various genres: not just text, but also chapter headings, articles, and other subdivisionsThe start of any text or paragraphAfter a periodAfter a question mark or exclamation mark, but an initial lowercase may be permitted if there are strong logic and continuity of thoughtAt the beginning of a direct speech If a sentence begins with an ellipsis (...), then usually the examples described above begin with lowercase, except when the first word is a proper name. Those instances still require the use of the uppercase. Similarly (but more in terms of a typography choice) is the case in which a capital letter is used at the beginning of each verse in poetry, a device that is sometimes used even when verse is not written on a new line (for reasons of space), instead of using a slash (/), which is generally preferable to avoid ambiguity. Capitalizing Proper Nouns In general, capitalize the first letter of proper names (whether real or fictitious), and any terms that take their place (sobriquets, aliases, nicknames): Person (common names and surnames), animals, godsNames of entities, places, or geographical areas (natural or urban), astronomical entities (as well as astrological)Names of streets and urban subdivisions, buildings and other architectural structuresNames of groups, organizations, movements, and institutional and geopolitical entitiesTitles of artistic works, trade names, products, services, companies, eventsNames of religious or secular holidays There are also cases in which the initial letter is capitalized even with common nouns, for reasons ranging from the need to distinguish them from common concepts, personification, and antonomasia, to showing respect. Examples include: The names of historical eras and events and even of geological periods, centuries and decades; the latter can be written in lower case, but it is preferred to use uppercase if the intent is to call out the historical period.The names of a populace; usually it is customary to capitalize the historical peoples of the past (i Romani), and use lowercase for present-day people (gli italiani). Somewhat more ambiguous, however, is the use of capital letters in Italian compound nouns or in those nouns consisting of a sequence of words; there are a couple of hard-and-fast guidelines, though, that can be recommended: Initial capital letters are required with the sequence common name surname (Carlo Rossi) or more than one common name (Gian Carlo Rossi)Proper names used within nominative sequences such as: Camillo Benso conte di Cavour, Leonardo da Vinci The prepositional particles (particelle preposizionali), di, de, or d are not capitalized when used with the names of historical figures, when surnames didnt exist, to introduce patronyms (de Medici) or toponyms (Francesco da Assisi, Tommaso dAquino); they are capitalized, though, when they form an integral part of contemporary surnames (De Nicola, DAnnunzio, Di Pietro). Capitalization finds its most widespread in the names of institutions, associations, political parties and the like.  The reason for this profusion of capital letters is usually a sign of respect (Chiesa Cattolica), or the tendency to maintain the use of uppercase letters in an abbreviation or acronym (CSM Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura). However, the initial capital can also be limited to just the first word, which is the only obligatory one: the Chiesa cattolica, Consiglio superiore della magistratura.

Hobbes and Absolute Sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hobbes and Absolute Sovereignty - Essay Example He criticised several fields and gave argumentative ideas including sovereign governments which this work will be based upon. Sovereign is a state of a people or societies where a group of people or a person has been designated the authority to govern. The sovereign body always has control in religion, finance and military of the society. In this set up, the magistrate does not pledge allegiance to any superior forces or power and he is according to the state orders supreme. The control in the three sections by someone who has not been designated as sovereign in the social sense may as well assume the position of sovereignty. As stated by Hobbes in Behemoth, he gives a difference between de jure and de facto sovereign. Hobbes, felt that naturally the society cannot be differentiated from state of nature which is always at war. This is a condition whereby people are being forced to be in contact without an authority that is superior. The presence of the sovereign was therefore meant t o prevent this state of commotion. The erected sovereign was to be given the subject’s rights and was expected create peace by all means. The idea of Hobbes was that sovereign which is absolute had limited power specifically by power which was assumed to be greater. This power outlined rights to be forfeited and duties of the sovereign. Hobbies argument was based on the fact that a government irrespective of the state was far much better than the State of Nature. This is because he thought that absolute sovereignty as a form of government was a measure to prevent the coming back of the State of Nature and it could easily make people live peacefully, due to lack of friction in the association with each other. Hobbes gives a clear conflict between two concepts: an effective sovereign, stable and the need of peace and the denial of the sovereign the advantages listed therein. Hobbes, opinion was as a result of the attitude he had towards the England government which resulted to the civil war. For example they thought that the state could be limited in its ability to raise taxes and at the same time have the government, the government power was to be reserved in a pre-eminent manner. Hobbes outstands to be an absolutist in the view that he gives no room for revolutionary change whatsoever ideologically on the ground. One can in a violent manner plan to dismiss or overthrow the sovereign with the aim of replacing it with one that is new or change the form state. For absolutism, this is sensible. States exist with the main agenda of preventing and solving misunderstandings, confusions and conflicts, these should be done not by violence but preferably by the state. This is because the state is more organised, there are procedures and rules of conflict resolution rather than spontaneous reaction of the violent groups or individuals. Hobbes expresses his clear stand on the governments theory in his Originator of science that is Politically Authentic, De Cive 164 7 where he argued that he had finally found out a mode of rationalising a roadmap into political characters and that a new mode of science had been created by him. Hobbes studied governments that were civil by paying more attention to its central unit of operation. He compared it to humans being both social and natural and thereafter gave an extensive evaluation their forms and generation. Hobbes reasoned that

Are international organisations sufficiently accountable Essay

Are international organisations sufficiently accountable - Essay Example human rights violations and the accountability of both the United Nations and the role of the related states are those complex challenges that make it necessary for critically assessing the role and negligence of the United Nations and its accountability relating to the gross violations of human rights are those issues that must be understood by keeping in view the jurisdiction of the international law and its different provisions relating to such cases in the international and regional conflicts. In the following parts of this paper, first the concept of accountability has been defined and discussed. In this part, various definitions of explanations by keeping in view the international law have been detailed. Subsequently, Along with this topic, the application of accountability concept to the United Nations has also been detailed. In this part, how the UN has failed to remain accountable for its activities and role in the conflict zones, such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Ukraine war, have severely damaged the perception of the UN as an international institution providing and protecting the human rights globally. Before the conclusion part, two cases studies, Somalia and the Kosovo war, have been critically discussed and analysed as well. Accountability is a highly controversial legal term and represents a legal dilemma.1 Accountability has not been properly defined and explained by the legal experts. Even if some legal authors have explained this concept with certain jurisdictions, others do not agree with it and remain critical of that definition and explanation. In this regard, it is important to further describe the term legal dilemma. For example, the international law and national legal law have different perspectives on certain issues as they have different stakeholders. More specifically, some countries legalise marijuana whereas the international law strong discourage and disallow such items as they are harmful for health. Under this situation, any

A-Level Law in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A-Level Law in Action - Essay Example For instance, in R v Steane, the accused lent his services to the enemy, in order to protect his family from harm. Consequently, his conviction was set aside6. Â  On the other hand, indirect or oblique intent arises when the accused can foresee the outcome, as being highly probable, and the accused does not desire that outcome. In Hyam v DPP, the accused’s intention had been to terrify the victim and not to cause her death, when he set fire to her house. Their Lordships upheld the conviction for murder, as the accused could anticipate that his actions could result in death or grievous bodily harm7. Â  In the present problem, Bob with the intention of killing Alice exploded a petrol bomb. As a consequence, Alice lost her life. Bob caused her death intentionally.This constitutes, the crime of murder, and Bob will be accordingly held liable. Â  In Goodfellow, the accused was convicted of constructive manslaughter, for having caused the death of his family, while attempting to set his house on fire. It is important to note that he had no intention of causing the death of his family8. Â  Bob had claimed that it was not his intention to cause harm to anyone other than his wife, Alice. This is untenable, on account of the doctrine of transferred malice. The letter states that if an individual has the Mens rea to commit a specific offense against a particular person, and if that crime had been committed by that individual against some other person, then the Mens rea is transferred to the actual victim. This is borne out by the decision in R v Mitchell, wherein the accused had caused the death of an old woman, by striking an old man who fell on that old woman. The latter died subsequently, due to the complications that had arisen in her treatment.

Experiment 6 Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Experiment 6 - Lab Report Example The small cost of iron nanoparticles and their ability to reduce toxic contaminants into non-toxic iron hydroxide products make iron nanoparticles application techniques preferential. I addition their installation are simple and require minimal maintenance and react with a diverse range of contaminants. The delivery method of these nanoparticle based applications are also diverse in nature and therefore can be used in dealing with many forms of contaminants either of differing concentrations or chemical and physical characteristics. From previous research, it has been observed that iron nanoparticles cause a significant reduction in the concentration of contaminants. The aim of this experiment is to analyze the change in concentration of indigo carmine dye in its reaction with iron nanoparticles. Dyes are common pollutants though not frequently recognized. From figure 1, the concentration of indigo carmine dye is observed to be relatively constant before the addition of iron nanoparticles. There is little or rather insignificant change in the concentration of indigo carmine dye before nanoparticles are introduced into the solution. From the first analysis, it was determined that the rate of change in concentration of dye in the first 60 seconds can be calculated as 0.00591 M/s. The overall change in concentration is 0.35443M. The second analysis using 0.105nm of iron nanoparticle gave a rate of change in dye concentration of0.0091M/s in the first minute with an overall change in concentration of 0.548M. Figure 2 shows a negative correlation between the changes in concentration of dye with time on addition of iron nanoparticles. The same observation was made in figure 3 where 0.42nm iron nanoparticles were used. From table 1, it is observed that the fastest rate (0.0091) in removal of dye from the solution was obtained with 0. 105 nm of iron nanoparticles. This could be contrary to expectations as 0.04nm iron particles should have

Short story analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short story analysis - Essay Example The Black Cat, after its diabolical murder, is resurrected and is hungry for vengeance and destroys the narrator psychologically. Stunning insanity Cat symbolizes misfortune as per Western traditions. Black cat in the story of Edgar Poe is the cause of double misfortune, when it lives and on its death. Cat’s mysterious gaze has the guile and is the pointer to uncertainties and in Celtic lore they are considered evil and sacrificial animals. They have the ability to see at night (darkness) which represents negativities and thus they are part of the underworld. Symbolically the veil of night shifts one’s perception of reality. The story highlights the effect of stunning insanity. The narrator tells how sanity turns to madness, the reason being obsession with the black cat. Evil has seized him; cruelty to animals becomes his way of life and finally drives him to take the life of his wife and the subsequent sin of trying to conceal her death. That he is alcoholic makes the characterization even more diabolic. Pluto, God of the underworld. Symbolically, the Black Cat is Pluto, the Roman God of the underworld. Pluto controls the hell and symbolizes the devil. ... The narrator’s action in gorging out the eye of his pet animal, the black cat, is mind-boggling. It amounts to torture of the ultimate level. To conceal his guilt, the narrator commits another senseless act. He hangs the cat in the backyard but the evil strikes back. The cat resurrects and itches for revenge, the narrator’s house is on fire and burns to the ground and he observes the image of a large black cat originating through the fire on the only wall that was still intact. He can still see the rope tied to its neck. After the fire, the narrator sees a black cat resembling Pluto, in a bar and takes it home. He observes next morning that the second cat is without one eye, which reminds him of his dark deeds. Conclusion The narrator does not lead the readers on a wild goose chase and is sane enough to understand the reactions of the readers for his insane acts. The details given in the story are not by a dreamer, but the one who knows the consequences of his ill-bodin g quests. He does not expect sympathy or rejection by the readers and his intentions about story-telling are deliberate. His psyche drives him to the point of insanity and at that stage he just cannot help acting diabolically. He expects them to think about the unthinkable and believe the unbelievable and respect the

Investigate the megachurch called Toronto Blessing and the phenomenon Essay

Investigate the megachurch called Toronto Blessing and the phenomenon of holy laughter - Essay Example This paper will investigate the Toronto Blessing church while looking at its origin, its connection to traditional charismatic churches, beliefs, worship service, explanation of the unusual phenomenon on blessing, other people’s views, and, finally, my views on the movement. The Toronto Blessing movement started close to Pearson Airport in Toronto at the Airport Vineyard Christian fellowship. Leaders Carol and John Arnott established the Toronto Airport Vineyard church approximately in 1988. The religious organization met in a number of rented areas all over Toronto until the beginning periods of 1990 when the church located a more long term residence close to the Pearson Airport in Toronto. A Vineyard pastor, Randy Clark, from Missouri, was requested by John Arnott to be in charge of the local church revival, on the 20th day of January, in 1994 (Roberts 5). Since that day, conventions have been hosted every week for six days, attracting people numbering 800 to 1000. This led to the formation of the Toronto Blessing movement. The Toronto Blessing movement may be connected to traditional charismatic churches. ... This movement engage in laying of hands and look for the power of the Holy Spirit. Also, the Toronto Blessing movement is recognized by its ecstatic worship, as well as shaking, laughter, crying, and what is referred to as resting or falling in the Spirit (Roberts 32). These are similar manifestations that were witnessed in the traditional charismatic churches. The Toronto Blessing church has its own set of beliefs. The Toronto Blessing church largely concentrates on activities that relate to praise and worship. The believers of the movement can sing, have fun, sing, and dance to the Lord. The church believes in a system of open worship that gives the chance to the revelation of the Holy Spirit in its church services. The manifestation of the Holy Spirit may be revealed in a number of ways, for example, through a miracle, a message passed through speaking in tongues, laying on of hands, healing, or prophesy (Roberts 36). Members of the Toronto Blessing church explicitly state or impl y that the manifestation of these phenomenons is proof of revival. Finally, the movement holds the belief that Christians should pray for the Spirit to be received. The Toronto Blessing church exhibits a specified design in its worship service. The musical style utilized in the church service is characteristically a popular style. The music is performed using a number of musical instruments. In addition, the church service incorporates three foremost elements of worship. They comprise praise and worship, giving, and preaching. The Toronto Blessing church members presume that this form of worship prepares individuals to exit the worship experience and carry the

Experiment 6 Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Experiment 6 - Lab Report Example The small cost of iron nanoparticles and their ability to reduce toxic contaminants into non-toxic iron hydroxide products make iron nanoparticles application techniques preferential. I addition their installation are simple and require minimal maintenance and react with a diverse range of contaminants. The delivery method of these nanoparticle based applications are also diverse in nature and therefore can be used in dealing with many forms of contaminants either of differing concentrations or chemical and physical characteristics. From previous research, it has been observed that iron nanoparticles cause a significant reduction in the concentration of contaminants. The aim of this experiment is to analyze the change in concentration of indigo carmine dye in its reaction with iron nanoparticles. Dyes are common pollutants though not frequently recognized. From figure 1, the concentration of indigo carmine dye is observed to be relatively constant before the addition of iron nanoparticles. There is little or rather insignificant change in the concentration of indigo carmine dye before nanoparticles are introduced into the solution. From the first analysis, it was determined that the rate of change in concentration of dye in the first 60 seconds can be calculated as 0.00591 M/s. The overall change in concentration is 0.35443M. The second analysis using 0.105nm of iron nanoparticle gave a rate of change in dye concentration of0.0091M/s in the first minute with an overall change in concentration of 0.548M. Figure 2 shows a negative correlation between the changes in concentration of dye with time on addition of iron nanoparticles. The same observation was made in figure 3 where 0.42nm iron nanoparticles were used. From table 1, it is observed that the fastest rate (0.0091) in removal of dye from the solution was obtained with 0. 105 nm of iron nanoparticles. This could be contrary to expectations as 0.04nm iron particles should have

Investigate the megachurch called Toronto Blessing and the phenomenon Essay

Investigate the megachurch called Toronto Blessing and the phenomenon of holy laughter - Essay Example This paper will investigate the Toronto Blessing church while looking at its origin, its connection to traditional charismatic churches, beliefs, worship service, explanation of the unusual phenomenon on blessing, other people’s views, and, finally, my views on the movement. The Toronto Blessing movement started close to Pearson Airport in Toronto at the Airport Vineyard Christian fellowship. Leaders Carol and John Arnott established the Toronto Airport Vineyard church approximately in 1988. The religious organization met in a number of rented areas all over Toronto until the beginning periods of 1990 when the church located a more long term residence close to the Pearson Airport in Toronto. A Vineyard pastor, Randy Clark, from Missouri, was requested by John Arnott to be in charge of the local church revival, on the 20th day of January, in 1994 (Roberts 5). Since that day, conventions have been hosted every week for six days, attracting people numbering 800 to 1000. This led to the formation of the Toronto Blessing movement. The Toronto Blessing movement may be connected to traditional charismatic churches. ... This movement engage in laying of hands and look for the power of the Holy Spirit. Also, the Toronto Blessing movement is recognized by its ecstatic worship, as well as shaking, laughter, crying, and what is referred to as resting or falling in the Spirit (Roberts 32). These are similar manifestations that were witnessed in the traditional charismatic churches. The Toronto Blessing church has its own set of beliefs. The Toronto Blessing church largely concentrates on activities that relate to praise and worship. The believers of the movement can sing, have fun, sing, and dance to the Lord. The church believes in a system of open worship that gives the chance to the revelation of the Holy Spirit in its church services. The manifestation of the Holy Spirit may be revealed in a number of ways, for example, through a miracle, a message passed through speaking in tongues, laying on of hands, healing, or prophesy (Roberts 36). Members of the Toronto Blessing church explicitly state or impl y that the manifestation of these phenomenons is proof of revival. Finally, the movement holds the belief that Christians should pray for the Spirit to be received. The Toronto Blessing church exhibits a specified design in its worship service. The musical style utilized in the church service is characteristically a popular style. The music is performed using a number of musical instruments. In addition, the church service incorporates three foremost elements of worship. They comprise praise and worship, giving, and preaching. The Toronto Blessing church members presume that this form of worship prepares individuals to exit the worship experience and carry the

Proving Declaration of Trust and Effecting Disposition of Beneficiary’s Interest Essay Example for Free

Proving Declaration of Trust and Effecting Disposition of Beneficiary’s Interest Essay Proving declaration of trust and effecting disposition of beneficiary’s interest Proving declaration of trust: In order to prove declaration of trust all types of evidence are admissible. Exceptions: a) Trust of land where the declaration has to be manifested and proved by some writing (Section 7 of Statute of Fraud Act 1677; Section 53(1)(b) of Law of Property Act 1925). The reason for this rule is to prevent fraud (Youdan). The written evidence can antedates or postdate the declaration of trust. ) Testamentary trust/trust executed after death by will (will be discussed in the chapter of secret trust). Consequence of oral declaration in case of trust of land: a) An oral declaration is perfectly valid because the section 53(1)(b) is an evidential section. b) But problem arises during litigation when the declaration is challenged. c) It is often said that, though mistakenly, without written evidence a declaration of trust is valid but unenforceable. d) This is based on an analogy with the section 40(1) of LPA 1925 but this section was repealed in 1989. ) There are two reasons for this analogy to be false: i) Section 53(1)(b) is concerned about proof and section 40(1) was concerned about enforceability as apparent from the wordings of the sections. ii) Section 40(1) had been overruled back in 1989. f) Subject guide is of the view that if a declaration of trust cannot be proved by evidence then there is no trust at all, not a valid but unenforceable one. Exceptions to section 53(1)(b): a) Common Law exception: Oral evidence can be admissible in order to prevent a fraud. For example, a trustee himself would commit a fraud if he were allowed to shelter behind the statutory provision and deny the declaration of trust (Rochefoucauld). b) This exception is only applicable in case of express trust. c) Statutory exception: The section 53(1)(b) is not applicable in case of resulting, implied or constructive trust (section 8 of Statute of Fraud Act; section 53(2) of LPA 1925). d) It is because, in case of constructive, resulting or implied trust no allegation is made as to the fact that a declaration of trust has been made and thus we need to prove it. So, when there is no declaration of trust, the need to prove it cannot exist. e) Matrimonial homes cases such as Pettitt, Gissing, Rossett, Stack are express trusts of land (Rochefoucauld) even though it is been mentioned in these cases that they are ‘Common Intention Constructive Trust’. This is a misnomer to say them CICT because a CT arises for any reason other than intention to create a trust so there cannot be ‘common intention constructive trust’. Effecting Disposition of Beneficiary’s Interest: ) Disposition of an equitable interest or trust subsisting at the time of disposition must be in writing signed by the person disposing the same or by his agent (Section 53(1)(c) LPA 1925). b) So there is no disposition until it is written and signed, the reason is section 53(1)(c) is a substantive section as apparent from the wording of the section. c) One can argue that as the wording of the predecessors of section 53(1)(b) and 53(1)(c) are similar (i. e. section 7 and 9 of Statute of Fraud Act), therefore, there should not be this difference between these two sections. ) However, the courts have taken this approach and we need to follow it. e) There is a question that whether section 53(1)(c) is only applicable in relation to trust of land. As per section 205(x) of LPA 1925 equitable interest means interest in or over land or in the proceeds of sale thereof. As such 53(1)(C) is only confined to trust of land. f) However, as significant cases like Grey, Oughtred and Vandervell were n ot cases of land but section 53(1)(c) was applied there, therefore, the best way to solve this dilemma is to say that those cases were decided per incuriam of section 205(x). What transactions are dispositions or assignments and caught by section 53(1)(c)? a) Disposition has wider meaning than assignment though disposition included assignment. b) The key to understand disposition is to understand that it only covers disposition of equitable interest. If somehow, there is no equitable interest to dispose of or if both the legal and equitable interests are disposed of then there cannot be a disposition under section 53(1)(c). ) A direction of a beneficiary to his trustee to hold the rights on trust for a third party is disposition can caught by section 53(1)(c) (Grey v IRC). d) A direction by the beneficiary to the trustee to transfer the right to a third party then there is no need to comply with section 53(1)(c) as the direction is to transfer both the legal and equitable interest rather than equitable interest only (Vandervell v IRC) e) A self declaration of trust by the beneficiary for the whole or part is disposition and caught by section 53(1)(c) (Gra inge v Wilberforce). ) A declaration of trust by the trustee for a third party with the consent of the existing beneficiary is a disposition and should be caught by section 53(1)(c) provided estoppel does not operate. If estoppel occurs as occurred in re Vandervell (No 2) and thus prevents the trustee to dispose of the equitable interest in favour of someone, then section 53(1)(c) cannot operate (re Vandervell (No 2). g) A contract by the beneficiary to assign their rights does not fall into section 53(1)(c) (Oughtred v IRC; Neville v Wilson). ) A surrender of a beneficial interest is caught by section 53(1)(c) (IRC v Buchanan). i) Disclaimer of beneficial interest is not covered by section 53(1)(c) (re Paradise Motor Ltd). The rationale of 53(1)(c): a) The purpose of this section is to prevent fraud by way of protecting the trustee from false allegation by someone to be an assignee of the beneficiary’s interest. If the trustee disposes the interest to that false assignee then he will be vulnerable to a claim of breach of trust. ) Therefore, in Vandervell v IRC, as the rights were no longer held in trust, therefore, there was no trustee to protect and as such the section had no work to do and inapplicable. c) Now, as in Grey, the trustee received the direction from the beneficiary himself and knew that it was genuine and no allegation by false assignee can deceive him, therefore, the section 53(1)(c) cannot apply there. It is because the trustee need not be protected against any false allegation here. In the light of this, Grey can be revisited.

The Issue Of Legalising Homosexuality And Prostitution Philosophy Essay

The Issue Of Legalising Homosexuality And Prostitution Philosophy Essay The issue of legalising of homosexuality and prostitution was investigated by the Wolfenden Committee headed by Sir John Wolfenden.   The Report claimed that it is not the duty of the law to concern itself with immorality. This gave rise to a debate on morality and social norms. Lord Devlin and Professor Hart argued extensively attempting to define morality. Is society able to enforce its own morality or ought morality to be enforced by law? Devlin appealed to the idea of societys moral fabric. He argued that the criminal law must respect and reinforce the moral norms of society in order to keep social order from unravelling. Societies disintegrate from within more frequently than they are broken up by external pressures. There is disintegration when no common morality is observed and history shows that the loosening of moral bonds is often the first stage of disintegration, so that society is justified in taking the same steps to preserve its moral code as it does to preserve its government the suppression of vice is as much the laws business as the suppression of subversive activities. Devlin argued that immorality is what every right-minded person considered immoral. Devlin argued that there could be no theoretical limit to the reach of law; no acts are none of the laws business. Breaches of the shared morality do not cause harm to other individuals in the way that murder and assault do, but none the less they harm society by undermining its moral structure. Even acts like homosexuality between consenting adults in private can threaten the existence of society, and therefore society has the right to suppress them. Devlin believed that the limits of tolerance are reached when the feelings of the ordinary person towards a particular form of conduct reaches a certain intensity of intolerance, indignation and disgust. If, for example, it is the genuine feeling of society that homosexuality is a vice so abominable that its mere presence is an offence, then society may eradicate it. Moral laws or enforcing morality is much wider than one thinks, if we base it on the survival of our society then what is classed a society? Individualism of individuals come together with common interest and form communities but not every community is common to each other. Although they might share common moral issues, there are still some immoral practises within their communities by which other standards might be considered moral. Professor Hart argued with Lord Devlin over issues of enforcing morality. Lord Devlin in his book, The Enforcement of Morals in one of his essays quotes; it argues from the majoritys rights to follow its own convictions in defending its social environment from change it opposes. Does this mean that the majority rules even if they are wrong? A society made up of like minded individuals being the majority, there, must be toleration of the maximum individual freedom that is consistent with the integrity of society. Is Lord Devlin saying that society consist s of the majority of like minded individuals and that the majority enforces their morals on every other individual that would not otherwise take part in the thinking of the majority Rule, forcing individuals to think in the same way as the majority of society. Going back to the question of whom and what is a society? Is Lord Devlin referring to the powers that have been given to certain individuals that represent society (Not necessary the majority) to enforce morality? Taking South Africa for example during the Apartheid era were a minority class enforced immorality on its majority. Lord Devlin believed that society is entitled to preserve itself without vouching for the morality that holds it together. Professor H.L.A. Hart responded to Lord Devlin, If one holds anything like a conventional notion of a society, he said, it is absurd to suggest that every practice the society views as profoundly immoral and disgusting threaten its survival, Professor Hart went on to say that this so silly as arguing that societys existence is threatened by the death of one of its members or the birth of another. Professor Hart goes on to say that Lord Devlins argument fails whether a conventional or an artificial sense of society is taken. Lord Devlin in response to Professor Hart comments, I do not assert that any deviation from a societys shared morality threatens its existence any more than I assert that any subversive activity threatens its existence. I assert that they are both activities which are capable in their nature of threatening the existence of society so that neither can be put beyond the law. The two main issues that are argued between Lord Devlin and Professor Hart is firstly the freedom of choice and secondly the privacy of morality. Lord Devlins is of the opinion that you can not have Law without morality à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦destroys freedom of conscience and is the paved road to tyranny. Devlins argument centres on what he regards as an important function of the criminal law in enforcing the generally shared moral values of a society which are associated with its important institutions. The case for the laws enforcement of societys shared morality is based on several different considerations, most of which are embodied in two doctrines which Hart has labelled the disintegration thesis and the conservative thesis respectively. According to the disintegration thesis, a shared morality is what holds a society together, and hence the enforcement of this morality is necessary to prevent society from collapsing, or at least weakening. On the other hand, the conservative thesis maintains that the majority have a right to follow their moral convictions that their moral environment is a thing of value to be defended from change. Lord Devlin in his works refers to man reason or reasoning. Is man able to be rational? This I find is important and integral makeup for human beings to be moral. Unfortunately both Devlin and Hart in their arguments are attempting to establish or determine what the glue is that holds society together? Where Professor Hart is being more liberal and believing in the very nature of man, Devlin being more conservative saying that man is not capable of being rational. Drinking, drug-taking, homosexuality, abortion, suicide and fornication may cause serious social problems if they are indiscriminately practised. But so also would birth control, or the very practice of having very large families, or even, as Devlin himself acknowledges, celibacy. It is therefore not breaches of the shared morality that certain activities can become harmful to society, and hence their being harmful does not in any way support Devlins disintegration thesis. Devlin writes of harm to society as opposed to harm to individuals, On this account harm to individuals is constituted by injury to specific individuals such as is caused by acts of homicide, assault, and robbery. On the other hand, public harm consists of the impairment of institutional practices and regulatory systems that are in the public interest. Devlins disintegration thesis, with its notion of harm to society, is really an application of the public harm principle that coercion is necessary to prevent public harm. If this is the case, then there is no disagreement of principle between Devlin and Mill, for Mills principle of harm, embraces both private and public harm. If Devlins claims are correct, then even on Mills liberty principle there is a case for the legal enforcement of the shared morality. Devlins disintegration thesis, the harm which justifies legal intervention is not identical with the mere feelings of intolerance, indignation and disgust which arise when the majority in a society learn that their moral values have been breached. However, when one moves from his disintegration to his conservative thesis, the notion of public harm is either dropped, or else it is transformed in such a manner as to be indistinguishable from the mere feelings of intolerance, indignation, and disgust in the majority. In either case the conservative thesis is incompatible with Mills liberty principle. Hart warned against the dangers of populism.   Why should the conventional morality of a few members of the population be justification for preventing people doing what they want? This is based on the theory that most peoples views are coloured by superstition and prejudice. Hart reiterated Mills harm principle, Hart pointed out that societies survive changes in basic moral views. It is absurd to suppose that when such a change occurs, to say one society has disintegrated and been succeeded by another. Both Hart and Devlin raise important issues. Devlins view is practical and focused on the majority rule. Harts is more human and individual. Dworkin suggests that we should abandon the Hart-Devlin debate and concentrate of Liberties.   If a behaviour is a Basic Liberty like sex, this should never be taken away, even if someone has a different way of doing sex e.g. R v   Brown (1993) HL, general liberties could be restricted if they cause harm.   But, it is not clear how you tell the difference between a basic and a general liberty? Thomas Hobbes explains that morality is determined by reason and that reason has as its goal self-preservation seems to lead to the conclusion that morality also has as its goal self-preservation. But it is not the self-preservation of an individual person that is the goal of morality, but of people as citizens of a state. That is, moral virtues are those habits of persons that make it rational for all other people to praise them. These habits are not those that merely lead to an individuals own preservation, but to the preservation of all; i.e., to peace and a stable society. Thus, Good dispositions are those that are suitable for entering into civil society; and good manners (that is, moral virtues) are those whereby what was entered upon can be best preserved. In the state of nature, people have no education or training, so there is continual fear, and danger of violent death, and the life of man, [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. But real people have been brought up in families; they are, at least to some degree, civilized persons, and how they will behave depends on how they are brought up. Hobbes does not say that society is a collection of misfits and that this is why we have all the trouble that we do a position congenial to the psychological egoist. But he does acknowledge that many also (perhaps most men) either through defect of mind, or want of education, remain unfit during the whole course of their lives; yet have they, infants as well as those of riper years, a human nature; wherefore man is made fit for society not by nature, but by education. Education and training may change people so that they act out of genuine moral motives. That is why it is one of the most important functions of the sovereign to provide for the proper training and education of the citizens. I believe that this is by far more relevant than attempting to impose laws on society to control individuals or communities. Law as Morality is just one of the many laws that differentiate between state to state but this one also differentiates from person to person. Law as morality is a law that comes from what you think is morally correct. Morality is the choices we make, and the actions we take. Moral people behave according to personal and public ethics. Immoral people deviate from established behavior. Since the purpose of laws is to condone one type of behavior and condemn another, the making of laws impacts our actions. In a situation such as a set of twins whom are connected at birth and one is going to have to die to save the other. The only thing is, is that one of the twins is healthier than the other, so which one do you kill? Law and morality play a large role here, mainly because there is a legal issue and a moral issue associates with the predicament. The reason law has a part is that after the decision is made; it will be examined legally and must be accountable for the consequences. Morali ty has its place because many will find it morally wrong to take ones life despite any justification. Morality is based off of right and wrong and good and evil and people have different opinion as to what is right and wrong due to their different upbringings and socialisation. Summary If, like Hobbes, we regard morality as applying primarily to those manners or habits that lead to peace, then his view seems satisfactory. It yields, as he notes, all of the moral virtues that are ordinarily considered such, and further, it allows one to distinguish courage, prudence, and temperance from the moral virtues. Perhaps most important, it provides, in almost self-evident fashion, the justification of morality. For what is it to justify morality but to show that reason favours it? Reason, seeking self-preservation, must favour morality, which seeks peace and a stable society. For reason knows that peace and a stable society are essential for lasting preservation. This simple and elegant justification of morality does not reduce morality to prudence; rather it is an attempt, in a great philosophical tradition stemming from Plato, to reconcile reason or rational self-interest and morality. To summarize Hobbess system: people, insofar as they are rational, want to live out their natural lives in peace and security. To do this, they must come together into cities or states of sufficient size to deter attack by any group. But when people come together in such a large group there will always be some that cannot be trusted, and thus it is necessary to set up a government with the power to make and enforce laws. This government, which gets both its right to govern and its power to do so from the consent of the governed, has as its primary duty the peoples safety. As long as the government provides this safety the citizens are obliged to obey the laws of the state in all things. Thus, the rationality of seeking lasting preservation requires seeking peace; this in turn requires setting up a state with sufficient power to keep the peace. Anything that threatens the stability of the state is to be avoided. Margaret Thatcher once declared, Theres no such thing as society, there are individual men and women and there are families. Civility is not just good manners; it is part of democracy and respecting people that are different from ourselves with whom we differ maybe even very sharply. But maintaining a balance in which we can have respect for the rights of other people who have different views.

Liking your job :: essays research papers

Persuasive Essay How many of you think about what you want to be when you grow up? How many see themselves as an upper class citizen in a couple of years? Are you attracted to a particular career because of the money or the adventure? All of these are questions most of us are being faced with at this point in our lives. We have to ask ourselves, would we rather have a job that we love regardless of the money, or would we rather make a ton of money but hate what we do? My future job is going to be something that I love, something with adventure. I have been thinking about becoming a FBI agent. Mostly everything I have heard about the FBI has been interesting. Besides the grueling and arduous process of becoming an agent, the idea of knowing things and being involved with things that the normal person doesn’t have a clue about. Of course there are the basic downfalls, but if I love doing my job I will deal with them. A good example of my theory is my mother, who is a preschool teacher. She doesn’t make much money, compared to a doctor or lawyer, but she is very happy with her job. Her students love her, and to most of them she is their guardian. Her students are with her for most of the day. Often times the whole day. She accepts the responsibility of basically raising the kids in her class. Her job can be very rewarding, from seeing a child move on to kindergarten, to teaching a kid to tie his or her shoe. People have to go to work five days a week. For the most part, your job is your life. If you have a job that you dread going to every morning, sooner or later it will catch up with you and force you to make a career change. Although a huge

Skills Project--Shyness Essay -- essays research papers

INTRODUCTION:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All my life I have been shy. Also, all my life I’ve been hearing people say, â€Å"She will grow out of it.† I’m 20 years old and the shyness is still here. As a kid you can get by being shy but as an adult, shyness can hold you back in many aspects of your life. DESCRIBING PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After two weeks of recording my behaviors I’ve come to realize in what situations my shyness comes into play most often. There are very few situations that I feel comfortable with myself, allowing me to speak freely. The only people that I ever feel at ease with are my own family and friends. Even my own family and friends can turn me silent in some situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meeting new people is a very hard task for me. Sometimes it feels almost impossible. My biggest fear of meeting new people is, not knowing what to say. In most cases I would rather avoid a situation than have to deal with the feeling of not knowing what to say. 2/6-2/9 I tried to avoid any situation that I thought I could feel awkward in. Avoidance can be either physical (steering clear of a friend after having an argument, or in my case, steering clear of a friend to avoid the chance of any awkward situation) or conversational (changing the topic, joking, or denying that a problem exists). (Ch.11-Managing Conflict, p.304) Most shy people would rather avoid the short term problem of meeting new people and asking for dates, even when the long term goal of intimate relationships are enticing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On 1/18 I had a job interview at a new pizza restaurant. My parent’s had been hounding me for months to find a job. The new pizza restaurant that was opening, the owner happened to be one of my dad’s co-workers, so I decided that even though I hated interviews I would give this one a try. It was 1/18 that the owner had called and asked for me to come in for an interview that same day. From the moment that I hung up the phone after agreeing that I would be there at 2:30 I had the same sick feeling I always got when I was nervous about something. All I could think about was all the other interviews that I had gone on in the past and never got the job, so that had to be how this was going to turn out too, that was my self-fulfilling prophecy. A self-fulfilling prophec... ...ome vain and bitter; for always there will be greater and lesser persons than yourself.† (Desiderata)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One source of low self-esteem is inaccurate self-perception. Sometimes I can be overly harsh of myself, believing that I’m worse than the facts indicate. Learning to have a realistic perception of myself was a hard thing to learn. Gaining self-esteem isn’t something that you will gain over night. I think throughout this term I have learned many things leading me to gain the self-esteem slowly that I lost back in high school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To change my self-concept I have to have the will to change. I have said for many years that I want to change, but I don’t do anything but say that. I thought that being shy was who I was. My static evaluation that’s I’ve heard over and over in my head, â€Å"Ashley is shy.† (Ch. 4 – Language, p. 98) I am capable of changing this part of my life, it is something that I have to have the will to gain the skills I need to be able to change. The main thing that I learned from this project and life is, shyness may be difficult to overcome, but loneliness is harder.